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Posted by Á¤¹Î¼® Date 2007-10-21 05:51:20
 Title/Subject    ÁÁÀº ÀÇÇÐ³í¹®À» ¾²´Â ¹ý
1. ³í¹®Àº ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô ½á¾ß ÇÔ. ¡®¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô ¾²´Â °Í¡¯Àº ¡®¿ÀÇØÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô ¾²´Â °Í¡¯ÀÓ.

2. ³í¹®Àº "Àǹ®¡¯, 'Àǹ®¿¡ ´ë´äÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» Çߴ°¡', 'Àǹ®¿¡ ´ë´äÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¾î¶² °á°ú¸¦ ¾ò¾ú´Â°¡', 'Àǹ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´ä (°á°ú¸¦ Ç®ÀÌÇÑ °Í)' ¼ø¼­´ë·Î ¾¸.



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I. ³¹ ¸»

1. ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ³¹¸»À» ¾¸.


¿¹) With (¢¡ During) inhalation of amyl nitrate, compliance decreased.
2. ´Ü¼øÇÑ ³¹¸»À» ¾¸.


¿¹) All heat-stable materials utilized (¢¡ used) in the solution and processing of solutions

to be injected into mice were sterilized prior to (¢¡ before) use.
¡¡
3. ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ³¹¸»¸¸ ¾¸.


¿¹) Oxygen uptake in response to drugs was examined and found to

vary (¢¡ varied) considerably.
¡¡
4. ³¸ÀÍÀº ³¹¸»À» ¾¸.

4-1. ¸¸µç ³¹¸»À» ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½.


¿¹) We endorphinized (¢¡ injected endorphine into) the dogs.
¡¡
4-2. ¼ÓµÈ ³¹¸»À» ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½. ¿Ü±¹»ç¶÷ ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ µ¶ÀÚ¸¦ À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÓ.


¿¹) Scintillation fluid was added to the hot (¢¡ radioactive) samples.
¡¡
4-3. Áظ»À» µÇµµ·Ï ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½. ÇÑ ³í¹®¿¡¼­ Áظ»À» 3°³ ÀÌÇÏ·Î ¾¸ (ÃÖ´ë 5°³±îÁö)


°ø½Ä Áظ»(´ÜÀ§ µî)ÀÏ ¶§ ¾¸. ³Ê¹« ±æ ¶§ ¾¸. ÇÑ ³í¹®¿¡¼­ 30¹ø ÀÌ»ó µÇÇ®ÀÌµÉ ¶§ ¾¸.

1. ÀÓÀÚ¸»¿¡ À¸¶ä »ý°¢À» ¾¸.


¿¹) The children with arteriovenous shunts had the shunts opened, heparin injected,

and the arterial and venous sides of the shunt clamped.
¢¡ In the children who had arteriovenous shunts, the shunts were opened,


heparin was injected, and the arterial and venous sides of the shunt were clamped
¡¡
2. Ç®À̸»¿¡ ÇÏ´Â Áþ ¶Ç´Â ³ªÅ¸³­ ²ÃÀ» ¾¸.


¿¹) With bilateral leg vessel congestion, the compliance of forearm vessels increased

significantly.

¢¡ When the vessel in both legs were congested, the compliance of forearm vessels

increased significantly.

¿¹) An increase in heart rate occurred.

¢¡ Heart rate increased
¡¡
3. À̸§¾¾¸¦ ÀÕ´Þ¾Æ ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½


¿¹) filament length variability ¢¡ variability of filament length

¿¹) chronic sheep experiments (chronicÀÌ ¾î¶² À̸§¾¾¸¦ ²Ù¹Ì´ÂÁö ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½.)

¢¡ chronic experiments in sheep
4. ¹®ÀåÀ» ª°Ô ¾¸. ÇÑ ¹®Àå¿¡ ³¹¸»À» 22°³ ÀÌÇÏ·Î ¾¸. µÇµµ·Ï ³¹¸»À»18-20°³ ¾¸.

5. ´ëÀ̸§¾¾¸¦ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô ¾¸.


¿¹) Laboratory animals are not susceptible to these diseases, so research on them

(laboratory animalsÀÎÁö these diseasesÀÎÁö ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½.) is hampered.
¢¡ Laboratory animals are not susceptible to these diseases,


so research on these diseases is hampered.
¡¡
6. ¸Â¸Ô´Â ³»¿ëÀ» °°Àº ²Ã·Î ¾¸.


¿¹) We found a higher pH at 37¡É compared to 25¡É.

¢¡ We found a higher pH at 37¡É than at 25¡É.

¿¹) Experimental rabbits had a 28% decrease in alveolar phospholipid as compared to

control rabbits.

¢¡ Experimental rabbits had a 28% decrease in alveolar phospholipid

but control rabbits had no decrease.

¿¹) These results are similar to previous studies.

¢¡ These results are similar to those of previous studies.

III. ¹® ´Ü





1. ÇÑ °³ÀÇ ¹®´Ü¿¡´Â ÇÑ °³ÀÇ À̾߱Ⱑ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¿øÄ¢À¸·Î ¹®´ÜÀ» ³ª´©°Å³ª ¹­À½. ¡¡

2. ¹®´ÜÀÇ Ã¹ ¹®ÀåÀº À¸¶ä ¹®ÀåÀÌ°í, ³ª¸ÓÁö ¹®ÀåÀº µÞ¹Þħ ¹®ÀåÀÓ.


À¸¶ä ¹®ÀåÀº °£Ãß·Á¼­ ¾´ ¹®ÀåÀÌ°í, µÞ¹Þħ ¹®ÀåÀº ³¹³¹ÀÌ ¾´ ¹®ÀåÀÓ.
À¸¶ä ¹®ÀåÀº ±â´ë¸¦ °®°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¹®ÀåÀÌ°í, µÞ¹Þħ ¹®ÀåÀº ±â´ë¸¦ ¸¸Á·½ÃÅ°´Â ¹®ÀåÀÓ.


¿¹) To determine the distribution, size, and shape of ganglion cell bodies

in the tracheal neural plexus, we examined individual cell bodies
in their entirety at 100-400¡¿ with a compound light microscope. (À¸¶ä ¹®Àå)

For the assessment of distribution, first each ganglion cell body

that was stained by the acetylcholinesterase reaction product ...

For the assessment of the size and shape of each ganglion cell body,

the major and minor axes of the cell body were measured with a calibrated

reticle ... (µÞ¹Þħ ¹®Àå)

¡¡
3. µÞ¹Þħ ¹®ÀåÀ» Â¥ÀÓ»õ ÀÖ°Ô ´Ã¾î³õÀ½. ¡¡

3-1. ´ë¼ö·Î¿î °ÍºÎÅÍ ´Ã¾î³õ´Â °æ¿ì ¡¡

3-2. ´ë¼ö·ÓÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍºÎÅÍ ´Ã¾î³õ´Â °æ¿ì ¡¡

3-3. À¸¶ä ¹®Àå¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÑ ¼ø¼­´ë·Î ´Ã¾î³õ´Â °æ¿ì


¿¹) To determine the distribution, size, and shape of ganglion cell bodies

in the tracheal neural plexus, we examined individual cell bodies
in their entirety at 100-400¡¿ with a compound light microscope. (À¸¶ä ¹®Àå)

For the assessment of distribution, first each ganglion cell body that was

stained by the acetylcholinesterase reaction product ...

For the assessment of the size and shape of each ganglion cell body,

the major and minor axes of the cell body were measured with a calibrated

reticle ... (µÞ¹Þħ ¹®Àå)

¡¡
3-4. À¯¸®ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ´Ã¾î³õ°í ³ª¼­ ºÒ¸®ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ´Ã¾î³õ´Â °æ¿ì


¿¹) Pulmonary nerve endings were relatively insensitive to phenyl diguanide.

Of 25 pulmonary nerve endings tested, only 10 were stimulated, and
in only one of these did firing exceed 2.2 impulses/s. (À¯¸®ÇÑ °Í)

The exception, which fired with an average frequency of 17.4 impulses/s,

was encountered in the only dog ... (ºÒ¸®ÇÑ °Í)

¡¡
3-5. ½Ã°£ ¼ø¼­´ë·Î ´Ã¾î³õ´Â °æ¿ì ¡¡

4. ³í¸®¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ªÁö ¾Ê°Ô ¾¸.


¿¹) As expected, serum glucose decreased to about 800 mg/dl by the sixth hour

of insulin infusion. It was elected to
stabilize serum glucose at this level to allow for osmotic equilibration.

An estimate of net loss of total body glucose per hour was made as follows: ...


¢¡ As expected, serum glucose decreased to about 800 mg/dl by the sixth

hour of insulin infusion. To allow for osmotic equilibration, we stabilized
serum glucose at this level by adding to the fluid infusion an amount of

glucose equivalent to the net loss of total body glucose (¹®Àå »çÀÌÀÇ ³í¸®¸¦

µÞ¹ÞħÇÔ.) We estimated net loss of total body glucose as follows: ...

¡¡
5. ¿©·¯ ¹®ÀåÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» À̾îÁÜ. ¡¡

5-1. ´ë¼ö·Î¿î ³¹¸»À» µÇÇ®ÀÌ Çؼ­ ¾¸.


¿¹) Digitalis increases the contractility of the mammalian heart.

This change in inotropic state is a result of changes ...

¢¡ Digitalis increases the contractility of the mammalian heart.

This increased contractility is a result of changes ...
¡¡
5-2. ÇÑ°á°°Àº Â÷·Ê·Î ¾¸.


¿¹) To determine the distribution, size, and shape of ganglion cell bodies in

the tracheal neural plexus, we examined... For the assessment of distribution,
... For the assessment of the size and shape of each ganglion cell body, ...

¡¡
5-3. ÇÑ°á°°Àº °üÁ¡À¸·Î ¾¸.


¿¹) Propranolol had variable effects on the hypoxemia-induced changes in

regional blood flow. In the cerebrum, the increase in blood flow caused
by hypoxemia was not significantly altered by propranolol.


¢¡ Propranolol had variable effects on the hypoxemia-induced changes in

regional blood flow. In the cerebrum, propranolol did not significantly
alter the increase in blood flow caused by hypoxemia.

¡¡
5-4. ¸Â¸Ô´Â ³»¿ëÀ» °°Àº ²Ã·Î ¾¸.


¿¹) To determine (¸ñÀû) whether cholinergic or adrenergic nerves mediate

secretion of fluids from tracheal submucosal glands, we did experiments
on glands excised from ferrets. To induce (½Ãµµ) secretion, we stimulated

the tissue both electrically and pharmacologically. To inhibit (½Ãµµ)

secretion, we added XXX to the bathing solution.


¢¡ To determine whether cholinergic or adrenergic nerves mediate secretion

of fluids from tracheal submucosal glands, we did (½Ãµµ) experiments on
glands excised from ferrets. We induced (½Ãµµ) secretion by stimulating

the tissue both electrically and pharmacologically. We inhibited (½Ãµµ)

secretion by adding XXX to the bathing solution.

¡¡ ¡¡
5-5. À¸¶ä ¹®Àå ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¹ö±Ý ¹®ÀåÀ» ´Ã¾î ³õÀ½.


¿¹) There are three different theories put forward for the very slow relaxation

of catch muscles of molluscus. (À¸¶ä ¹®Àå) One theory hods that ...
(ù° ¹ö±Ý ¹®Àå) The second theory holds that ... (µÑ° ¹ö±Ý ¹®Àå)

A third theory, to which I subscribes, pictures ... (¼Â° ¹ö±Ý ¹®Àå)


¿¹) Both beta adrenergic agonists and nitroprusside inhibited the decrease in

pulmonary blood flow that occurred after instillation of serum. (À¸¶ä ¹®Àå)
After serum alone (control), blood flow ... (ù° ¹ö±Ý ¹®Àå) In contrast,

after beta adrenergic agonists, blood flow ... (µÑ° ¹ö±Ý ¹®Àå) After

intravenous nitroprusside, blood flow ... (¼Â° ¹ö±Ý ¹®Àå)

¡¡
5-6. ¹®ÀåÀ» ÀÕ´Â ³¹¸», ±¸(phrase), Àý(clause)À» ¾¸.


¿¹) By widening our focus to the entire trachea, we were able to see that ...

Furthermore (¹®ÀåÀ» ÀÕ´Â ³¹¸»), we were able to see that ...
Thus (¹®ÀåÀ» ÀÕ´Â ³¹¸»), previous report ganglia along the longitudinal

nerve trunk ... are not typical of most tracheal ganglia.


¿¹) One theory holds that catch is due to some unusual property of myosin in

these muscles that produces a slow rate of detachment. In this theory,
(¹®ÀåÀ» ÀÕ´Â ±¸) paramyosin would have no special role ...


¿¹) Because we found no changes in arterial blood gases of pH during continuos

positive airway pressure up to 1.0 kPa, (¹®ÀåÀ» ÀÕ´Â Àý) it is not likely that ...
¡¡
6. ¾µ¸ð ¾ø´Â ¸»À» ÁÙÀÓ.


¿¹) We chose a period equal to three times the time constant because 95% of the

change in anesthetic concentration within a compartment, and likewise 95%
of the recovery from a compartment, should occur during this period.

These percentages are rough estimates of the amount distributed to and

subsequently recovered from each compartment. However, the distinct

separation of these compartments means that ...


¢¡ We chose a period equal to three times the time constant because 95% of

the change in anesthetic concentration within a compartment, and likewise
95% of the recovery from a compartment, should occur during this period.

Although these percentages are rough estimates, the distinct separation

of these compartments means that ...

IV. ¸Ó¸®¸»

1. ¸Ó¸®¸»ÀÇ ±¸Á¶ ¡¡

1-1. ÀÌ¹Ì ¹àÇôÁø °Í (¹üÀ§°¡ ³ÐÀº °Í) ¡¡

1-2. ¹àÇôÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº °Í (¹üÀ§°¡ Á¼Àº °Í) ¡¡

1-3. Àǹ® (°¡¼³ ¶Ç´Â ¸ñÀûÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½. ¸Ó¸®¸»ÀÇ ¾Ë¸ÍÀÌÀÓ.) ¡¡

1-4. ½Ãµµ (Àç·á ¹× ¹æ¹ý)


½Ãµµ¸¦ Àǹ®º¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú ¾²¸é ÁÁÁö ¾ÊÀ½.
½Ãµµ¸¦ ¸Ó¸®¸»¿¡¼­´Â »ô»ôÀÌ ¾²Áö ¾Ê°í, Àç·á ¹× ¹æ¹ý¿¡¼­ »ô»ôÀÌ ¾¸.


¿¹) It is known that several general anesthetics, including barbiturates, depress the

bronchomotor response to vagus nerve stimulation. (ÀÌ¹Ì ¹àÇôÁø °Í) However,
the site of this depression has not been determined. (¹àÇôÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº °Í)

To determine which site in the vagal motor pathway to the bronchioles is most sensitive

to depression by barbiturates,(Àǹ®) we did experiments in isolated rings of ferret

trachea in which we stimulated this pathway at four different sites before and after

exposure to barbiturates. (½Ãµµ)

¡¡
2-1. ÀÌ¹Ì ¹àÇôÁø °Í, ¹àÇôÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº °Í, Àǹ®Àº ÇöÀçÇüÀ¸·Î ¾²°í, ÀúÀÚ ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÀúÀÚ°¡


½ÃµµÇ߰ųª »ý°¢Çß´ø °ÍÀº °ú°ÅÇüÀ¸·Î ¾¸.

¿¹) To determine which site in the vagal motor pathway to the bronchioles is most sensitive

to depression by barbiturates, (Àǹ®) ...
2-2. Àǹ®À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Ç¥½Ã´Â °ú°ÅÇüÀ¸·Î ¾¸.


¿¹) The purpose of this study was (Àǹ®À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Ç¥½Ã) ...

(...Àº Àǹ®À̹ǷΠÇöÀçÇüÀ¸·Î ¾¸.)
¿¹) Therefore, in this study, we asked whether (Àǹ®À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Ç¥½Ã) ...


(...Àº Àǹ®À̹ǷΠÇöÀçÇüÀ¸·Î ¾¸.)
¿¹) Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that (Àǹ®À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Ç¥½Ã) ...


(...Àº Àǹ®À̹ǷΠÇöÀçÇüÀ¸·Î ¾¸.)
¡¡
3-1. Àǹ®ÀÌ 2°³ ÀÌ»óÀÌ¸é µÇµµ·Ï À̾ ¾¸.


¿¹) This report describes experiments designed to determine whether exogenous arachidonic

acid increases the release of prostaglandin E2 from the ductus arteriosus (ù° Àǹ®)
and, if so, (ÀÕ´Â ¸») whether the exogenous arachidonic acid is the source of the

prostaglandin E2 released. (µÑ° Àǹ®)

¡¡
3-2. Àǹ®ÀÌ 2°³ ÀÌ»óÀ̶ó°í ¼ýÀÚ¸¦ ºÙÀÌ¸é ¾ÈµÊ. ¡¡

4. ´ë»ó ¶Ç´Â Àç·á°¡ ³²´Ù¸£¸é ¹àÈû.


¿¹) The purpose of this study was to determine relative contributions of the inspiratory

muscle groups to inspiratory pressure generation during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep
in patients with occlusive sleep apnea (´ë»óÀÌ ³²´Ù¸§.).

¡¡
5. ³í¹®ÀÌ ¸Å¿ì º¹ÀâÇÏ¸é ¸Ó¸®¸»¿¡ ´ë´äÀ» ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.


¿¹) In this paper, we show that X causes Y. (Àǹ® ´ë½Å¿¡ ´ë´äÀ» ¾¸.)

¿¹) We wanted to determine whether X or Z causes Y. We found that X causes Y.

(Àǹ®¿¡ À̾ ´ë´äÀ» ¾¸.)
¡¡
6-1. µ¶¸³º¯¼ö¿Í Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö¸¦ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô ¾¸.


¿¹) To determine which site in the vagal motor pathway to the bronchioles is most

sensitive to depression (Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö) by barbiturates (µ¶¸³º¯¼ö),
¡¡
6-2. Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö¸¸ ¾²´Â °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖÀ½.


¿¹) how low a triglyceride-cholesteryl ester ration (Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö) and how small

a particle size (Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö) are necessary for the occurrence of the thermal
transition in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins form human serum,

¡¡
7. ¹®ÇåÀº µÇµµ·Ï Á¶±Ý ÀοëÇÔ. ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¹®Çå Áß¿¡¼­´Â óÀ½¿¡ ¹àÈù ¹®Çå, ´ë¼ö·Î¿î ¹®Çå,


°¡Àå Àß ¾´ ¹®Çå, review article¸¸ °ñ¶ó¼­ ÀοëÇÔ.
¡¡
8-1. Àǹ®°ú ½Ãµµ¿¡¼­ ¡®We¡¯(¶Ç´Â ¡®I¡¯) ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½. (¾²Áö ¾Ê¾Æµµ µÊ.)


¿¹) Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that ...
¡¡
8-2. ¡®We¡¯(¶Ç´Â ¡®I¡¯) ´ë½Å¿¡ ¡®our¡¯(¶Ç´Â ¡®my¡¯)¸¦ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.


¿¹) Therefore, our first objective in these studies was ...
¡¡
9. ´Ù¸¥ ÀúÀÚÀÇ À̸§Àº ³»¿ëÀ» ÀÕ´Â ³¹¸»ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¹Ç·Î ÀÓÀÚ¸»·Î ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½. ´Ù¸¥ ÀúÀÚÀÇ À̸§À»


ÀÓÀÚ¸»·Î ¾µ·Á¸é ³²´Ù¸¥ ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÔ.

¿¹) Bucher and Swaffield (23) reported that glucagon may influence hepatic regeneration.

¢¡ Glucagon may influence hepatic regeneration (23).
¡¡
10. ª°Ô(250-300°³ÀÇ ³¹¸») ¾¸. ÀÌ¹Ì ¹àÇôÁø °Í, ¹àÇôÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº °Í, Àǹ®, ½Ãµµ°¡ ¸¹Àº ¼³¸íÀ»


ÇÊ¿ä·Î Çϰųª 2 °³ÀÇ °èÅëÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ±æ°Ô(500-600°³ÀÇ ³¹¸») ¾²±âµµ ÇÔ.
¡¡
11. ¹æ¹ý·Ð ³í¹®¿¡¼­ ¸Ó¸®¸»Àº ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ý, ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÇ ³ª»Û Á¡, »õ·Î¿î ¹æ¹ý,


»õ·Î¿î ¹æ¹ýÀÇ ÁÁÀº Á¡(ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÇ ³ª»Û Á¡À» ÇØ°áÇÑ Á¡)ÀÇ ¼ø¼­´ë·Î ¾¸.

¿¹) Various types physiological research require placing animals in a metabolic chamber

for exposure to gases, collection of expired air, exposure to unusual atmospheric
conditions such as hypoxia or hypobaric environments (6, 9), or measurement of

oxygen consumption (1, 8). (ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ý) Although equipment for such studies

is commercially available,it is usually expensive, specialized for a single

function, and applicable only for short-term studies with one animal. Improvising

with available laboratory equipment meets with variable success and often requires

constant attention and repair. (ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÇ ³ª»Û Á¡) We now report a

relatively inexpensive, reliable closed-circuit metabolic chamber (»õ·Î¿î ¹æ¹ý)

that has proven useful for several research application involving one or more

animals housed for periods of hours or days. (»õ·Î¿î ¹æ¹ýÀÇ ÁÁÀº Á¡)

V. Àç·á ¹× ¹æ¹ý




1. Àç·á¿¡´Â È­Çй°Áú, ½ÇÇè ´ë»óÀ» ¾²°í, ¹æ¹ý¿¡´Â µ¶¸³º¯¼ö, Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö, ¸ñÀû, ½ÇÇè,


ºÐ¼®À» ¾¸.
2. ½ÇÇè ´ë»óÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÌ¸é ³ªÀÌ, ¼ºº°, Á¾Á·, Å°, ¸ö¹«°Ô, °Ç°­ »óÅÂ, Ä¡·á »óŸ¦ ¾¸.


À±¸®À§¿øȸ·ÎºÎÅÍ Çã°¡¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù°í ¾¸.
3. Protocol¿¡´Â ½ÇÇ豺À» ¸¸µé±â À§ÇÏ¿© µ¶¸³º¯¼ö¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù´Â °úÁ¤ÀÌ ¼ÓÇÔ.


¸Ç´«ÇغÎÇÐ ¿¬±¸¿¡´Â ÀÌ °úÁ¤ÀÌ ¾øÀ½.

¿¹) »ý¸®ÇÐ ³í¹®ÀÇ Àç·á ¹× ¹æ¹ý

¼ö¼ú

protocol (µ¶¸³º¯¼ö, Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö, Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö¸¦ Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â ÀÎÀÚ)


¹æ¹ý (µ¶¸³º¯¼ö, Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö)


ÀÚ·áÀÇ ºÐ¼®



¿¹) ¸Ç´«ÇغÎÇÐ ³í¹®ÀÇ Àç·á ¹× ¹æ¹ý

Àç·á

Àç·á¸¦ ¹Ì¸® ¼Õº¸±â


¹æ¹ý (Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö)


ÀÚ·áÀÇ ºÐ¼®


¡¡
4. PreparationÀ» ¾²·Á¸é µµ±¸¸¦ ÀÓÀÚ¸»·Î ¾²°í method¸¦ ¾²·Á¸é º¯¼ö¸¦ ÀÓÀÚ¸»·Î ¾¸.


¿¹) A differential transducer (Validyne MP45) connected to a heated pneumotachograph

(Fleisch # 1) (µµ±¸) was placed at the proximal end of the endotracheal tube for
measurement of airflow. (preparation)


¿¹) Airflow (Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö) was measured by a differential transducer (Validyne MP45)

connected to a heated pneumotachograph (Fleisch # 1) located at the proximal
end of the endotracheal tube. (method)

¡¡
5-1. Åë°è ó¸® ¹æ¹ýÀº ³¹³¹ÀÌ ¾¸.


¿¹) Data are summarized as mean¡¾SD. (ÀڷḦ °£Ã߸° ¹æ¹ý) To analyze the data

statistically, we performed a one-way analysis of variance (Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø Åë°è ó¸®
¹æ¹ý; ÀοëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½.) for repeated measurements of the same variable.

We then used Dunnett¡¯s multiple range t test (10) (Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº Åë°è ó¸®

¹æ¹ý; ÀοëÇÔ.) to determine which means were significantly different from the

mean of the control periods. We considered differences significant at P <0.05.

(À¯ÀÇÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÆÇ°¡¸§ÇÏ´Â P°ª)

¡¡
5-2. Åë°è ó¸® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ Åë°è Ç®±×¸²µµ ¾¸.

6. ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ¸ñÀû ¶Ç´Â ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.


¿¹) To prepare isolated surface layers for electron microscopy, (¸ñÀû) we suspended

the 0.1-ml pellets of packed, washed surface layers ...

¿¹) Because these surface layers did not stick well to polylysine, (ÀÌÀ¯) we processed

them as small pellets.
¡¡
7. ¹æ¹ý¿¡ Áß°£ °á°ú¸¦ ¾²°í ³ª¼­ ±× ´ÙÀ½ °úÁ¤ÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½. ¡¡

8. Àç·á ¹× ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ±æ¸é ÀÛÀº Á¦¸ñÀ» ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.


¿¹) Animals

Controls
Stimulation with Isoproterenol

Cytochalasin Treatment

Analysis of Tissue Sections

Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity

¡¡
9. ¹æ¹ý¿¡¼­ ¹®ÇåÀ» ÀοëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½. Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¹æ¹ýÀº »ô»ôÀÌ ¾²Áö ¾Ê°í ÀοëÇÔ.


¿¹) In these samples, lipids were extracted (Bligh and Dyer, 1959)

for phosphorus determination (Bartlett, 1959) and for thin-layer
chromatography (Poorthuis et al., 1976).

¡¡
10. ¹®´ÜÀÇ Ã³À½¿¡ À¸¶ä ¹®ÀåÀ» ¾²°í ³ª¼­ µÞ¹Þħ ¹®ÀåÀ» Â¥ÀÓ»õ ÀÖ°Ô ´Ã¾î³õÀ½.


¿¹) The effects of intra-arterial pressure gradients on steady-state circumflex

pressure-flow relations derived during long diastoles were examined in
five dogs. (À¸¶ä ¹®Àå) To obtain each pressure-flow point, we first set ...

The pressure and the flow rate were measured after ... In these experiments,

on pressure-flow relation was derived ... (µÞ¹Þħ ¹®Àå)

¡¡
11. ³¹¸»À» Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¾¸.


¿¹) study - Àǹ®¿¡ ´ë´äÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤

experiment - ½ÇÇèÇÑ °Í (½ÇÇè ´ë»óÀÌ »ç¶÷À̸é experiment ´ë½Å study¸¦ ¾¸.)

¿¹) series - ½ÇÇè °úÁ¤ 2°³ ÀÌ»óÀ» ¹­Àº °Í

group - °°Àº ¼º°ÝÀ» °®°í ÀÖ´Â Áý´Ü
¡¡
12. ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸¸Å­ ±æ°Ô ¾¸. ¡¡

13. ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ °Í (¹«°Ô, ³óµµ, ¿ë·®, Á¦Á¶È¸»ç À̸§, ¸ðµ¨ ¹øÈ£...)Àº °ýÈ£ ¾È¿¡ ¾¸.


¿¹) Horse red blood cells (Colorado Serum Company, Boulder) were washed

three times in 7 ml of 0.9% NaCL before use to remove preservatives.
¿¹) 10 mg nitoglycerin¢¡ nitoglycerin (10 mg)

¡¡
14. °ú°ÅÇüÀ¸·Î ¾²µÇ, ÀڷḦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ÇöÀçÇüÀ¸·Î ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.


¿¹) Data are summarized as mean¡¾SD.
¡¡
15. ¡®We¡¯´Â ½áµµ µÇ³ª µÇµµ·Ï Àû°Ô ¾²°Å³ª ¾àÇÏ°Ô ¾¸.


¿¹) After 30 s, we centrifuged the samples.

¿¹) Then we centrifuged the suspension as before.

VI. °á°ú




1. °á°ú´Â ÀڷḦ Ç®ÀÌÇÑ °ÍÀ̹ǷΠ°á°ú¿¡´Â ÀÚ·á°¡ ºÙ¾î ´Ù´Ô.

2. °á°ú¸¦ ´Ù¸¥ °Íº¸´Ù µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô ¾¸.

2-1. °á°ú¸¦ µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô ¾²°í ÀÚ·á´Â µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½. ÀÚ·á´Â °ýÈ£ ¾È¿¡ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.


¿¹) In the 20 control subjects, the mean resting blood pressure was 85¡¾5 mmHg.

In comparison, in the 30 tennis players, the mean resting blood pressure
was 94¡¾3mm Hg.

¢¡ The mean resting blood pressure was higher in the 30 tennis players than in

the 20 control subjects (94¡¾3 vs. 85¡¾5 mmHg, P <0.02).

2-2. °á°ú¸¦ ¸ÕÀú ¾²°í °á°ú¸¦ µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ´Â ÀÚ·á´Â ³ªÁß¿¡ ¾¸.


¿¹) The first pattern had a main peak of phospholipids in the range of 106

daltons and a shoulder in the range of 5 ¡¿105 daltons. The second pattern
had a main peak of phospholipids in the range of 5 ¡¿ 105 daltons and a

shoulder in the range of 106 daltons (°á°ú¸¦ µÞ¹ÙħÇÏ´Â ÀÚ·á).

¢¡ The first pattern had a main peak of phospholipids in the range of 106 daltons


and a shoulder in the range of 5 ¡¿105 daltons. The second pattern was
the reverse (°á°ú), having a main peak of phospholipids in the range of

5 ¡¿105 daltons and a shoulder in the range of 106 daltons

(°á°ú¸¦ µÞ¹ÙħÇÏ´Â ÀÚ·á).

¡¡
2-3. ½ÇÇ豺ÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô ¾²°í ´ëÁ¶±ºÀÇ °á°ú´Â µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½.


¿¹) When either terbutalin or epinephrine was instilled along with serum into

the air spaces, the excess lung water was significantly less than when
serum alone was instilled (´ëÁ¶±ºÀÇ °á°ú).

¡¡
2-4. °á°ú¸¦ µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô ¾²°í ¹æ¹ýÀº µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½.


¿¹) We administered propranolol during normal ventilation. (¹æ¹ý)

This beta-blocker decreased phospholipid.
¢¡ Propranolol administered during normal ventilation (¹æ¹ý)


decreased phospholipid.
¢¡ When propranolol was administered during normal ventilation, (¹æ¹ý)


phospholipid decreased.
¡¡
2-5. ±×¸²°ú Ç¥ÀÇ ¼³¸íÀº µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½


¿¹) A summary of renal function data is presented in Fig. 2. (±×¸²ÀÇ ¼³¸í)

Continuous positive airway pressure in newborn goats decreased urine flow.
¢¡ Continuous positive airway pressure in newborn goats decreased urine flow


(Fig. 2).
¡¡
2-6. ±×¸²°ú Ç¥¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ·á´Â µÇÇ®ÀÌÇؼ­ ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½. ±×¸²°ú Ç¥¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ·á


Áß¿¡¼­ ´ë¼ö·Î¿î °Í¸¸ ¾²¸ç, ÀÌ°ÍÀº °ýÈ£ ¾È¿¡ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.

¿¹) Pulmonary artery constriction in the rabbits was reduced when alkalosis

was induced either after (Fig. 2) or during (Fig. 4) hypoxia, but not
when alkalosis was induced before hypoxia (Fig. 3). Baseline pulmonary

artery pressure was altered only when alkalosis was induced before hypoxia,

decreasing from 9.4¡¾1.8 to 8.4¡¾1.5 (SD) cm H2O for metabolic alkalosis

and from 9.0¡¾2.1 to 7.0¡¾1.5 cm H2O for respiratory alkalosis.

3. ¹æ¹ýÀÇ ³»¿ë°ú °á°úÀÇ ³»¿ëÀÌ ¸Â¾Æ¾ß ÇÔ.

4. µÇµµ·Ï ª°Ô ¾¸. °á°ú´Â ³í¹®ÀÇ ¾Ë¸ÍÀÌ°¡ ¾Æ´Ô.

5. Àç·á¿Í Á¾(species)À» ÇÑ ¹ø ÀÌ»ó ¾¸. (µÇµµ·Ï ¹®ÀåÀÇ Ã³À½¿¡ ¾¸.)

6. »ç¶÷Àº A, B, C, ...·Î ³ªÅ¸³»µÇ, 26¸íÀÌ ³ÑÀ¸¸é 1, 2, 3, ...À¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³¿.

7. °ú°ÅÇüÀ¸·Î ¾¸.

8. °ßÁÙ ¶§¿¡´Â ¡®compared with¡¯¸¦ ¾²Áö ¸»°í ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ ¡®than¡¯À» ¾¸.


¿¹) X was increased compared with Y.
¢¡ X was greater than Y.

¢¡ X increased more than Y.

¢¡ X increased but Y was unchanged.

¡¡
9. ¸øÇÑ °ÍÀÎÁö ¾Æ´Ñ °ÍÀÎÁö ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô ¾¸.


¿¹) We could not demonstrate (¸øÇÑ °Í) high-affinity, low-capacity DHE binding

sites in heart particulated prepared from three adult sheep.
There were no (¾Æ´Ñ °Í) high-affinity, low-capacity DHE binding sites in

heart particulated prepared from three adult sheep.

10. Åë°è ó¸® °á°ú¿¡¼­´Â Æò±Õ, Ç¥ÁØÆíÂ÷, °³¼ö µîÀ» ¸ðµÎ ¾¸.


¿¹) Blood flow was redistributed more toward the right ventricle than toward

the left ventricle (26.3¡¾2.9 (SD) vs. 19.5¡¾1.5 % in 6 lambs, P <0.01).
VII. °í Âû




1. °íÂûÀº Àǹ®¿¡ ´ë´äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÓ.

1-1. ´ë´äÇÒ ¶§ Àǹ®¿¡¼­ ¾´ ¾Ë¸ÍÀÌ ¸», ¿òÁ÷¾¾, °üÁ¡À» ¶È°°ÀÌ ¾¸.


¿¹) Àǹ®ÀÌ ¡®Does sympathetic stimulation increase norepinephrine synthesis

in rat superior cervical ganglia in vivo¡¯À̸é, ´ë´äÀº ¡®This study shows
that sympathetic stimulation increases norepinephrine synthesis in rat

superior cervical ganglia in vivo¡¯ÀÓ.

1-2. ´ë´äÇÒ ¶§ Àǹ®¿¡¼­ ¾´ ´ë»óÀ» ¶È°°ÀÌ ¾¸.


¿¹) Àǹ®¿¡¼­ ´ë»óÀÌ ¡®preterm infants who had respiratory distress syndrome¡¯

À̸é, ´ë´ä¿¡¼­µµ ´ë»óÀº ¡®preterm infants who had respiratory distress
syndrome¡¯ÀÓ.

1-3. ´ë´äÇÒ ¶§ Àǹ®¿¡¼­ ¾´ ³»¿ëÀ» ¸ðµÎ ¾¸.


¿¹) ù° Àǹ®ÀÌ ¡®What specific hormonally regulated proteins can be identified

in second trimester human fetal lung?¡¯ÀÌ°í µÑ° Àǹ®ÀÌ ¡®What are the
cellular sources of the hormonally regulated proteins?¡¯À̸é, ù° ´ë´äÀº

¡®proteins regulated by three classes of hormones¡¯ÀÌ°í µÑ° ´ë´äÀº

¡®type II cells and fibroblasts as the cellular sources of two of these

classes of hormones¡¯ÀÓ.

2-1. ´ë´äÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ´Â °á°ú¸¦ ¾¸. ´ë´äÀº °á°ú¸¦ Ç®ÀÌÇÑ °ÍÀÓ.


¿¹) The experiments presented here show that cloned human tumor necrosis factor ¥á

inhibits the expression of MYC in the human promyelocytic leukemic cell line
HL-60 selectively (ù° ´ë´ä) and that it doses so by decreasing the rate

of synthesis of MYC mRNA. (µÑ° ´ë´ä) Evidence that the inhibition of MYC gene

expression is selective is that expression of MRNA for reference proteins

HLA-A, -B, and C was not inhibited ... (ù° ´ë´äÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ´Â °á°ú)

Evidence that the rate of synthesis of MYC mRNA decrease is that ... (µÑ°

´ë´äÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ´Â °á°ú)

2-2. ´ë´äÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ´Â °á°ú¸¦ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.


ÇÑ °³ÀÇ ´ë´äÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¿©·¯ Ç¥¿Í ¿©·¯ ±×¸²¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °á°ú¸¦ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.
¡¡
2-3. ´ë´äÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ ¾¸.


¿¹) By using whole mounts stained histochemically for acetylcholinesterase,

we have reconstructed an overall picture of the architecture of the nerves
and ganglia of the ferret trachea. (´ë´ä) This reconstruction, which

incorporates and confirms the separate observation of previous investigators

(6, 9, 11, 14, 24), (´ë´äÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ °á°ú) includes

several new observations that provide an more complete understanding of

the tracheal innervation. (´ë´äÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ´Â º» ¿¬±¸ÀÇ °á°ú)

3. ´ë´äÀÌ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÌ´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀ» ¾¸. º» ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ´ë´äÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ´ë´ä(»ç½Ç·Î


¾Ë·ÁÁø °Í)¿¡ µé¾î¸Â´Â´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀ» ¾¸.

¿¹) In this study, we have found a second example of clustering for two members

of the large collagen gene family and have demonstrated physical linkage
between genes that have the same function - encoding both chains of a

single collagen type ... (º» ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ´ë´ä)

These results thus lend further credence to our earlier suggestion that

one might expect to find clustering of several collagen members and

dispersion of others in a fashion analogous to the globin pattern (36) ...

(´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ´ë´ä¿¡ µé¾î¸ÂÀ½.)

¡¡
4. ´ë´äÀÌ Èçµé¸®Áö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇÔ. º» ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ´ë´äÀ» Èçµå´Â ´Ù¸¥ ´ë´äÀÇ ½Ï¼ö°¡ º¸À̸é


º» ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ´ë´äÀÌ ¸Â°í ´Ù¸¥ ´ë´äÀÌ Æ²¸° ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¾¸.
5. ´ë´äÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °á°ú°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é ¾²°í ¼³¸íÇÔ.


¿¹) However, contrary to our hypothesis, propranolol-treated subjects were able

to maintain levels of oxygen uptake during maximal and submaximal exercise
as great as those in placebo-treated subjects. (´ë´äÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â

°á°ú) This finding cannot be attributed to increased arterial oxygen

saturation or hemoglobin concentration, since ... (¼³¸í)

¡¡
6. º» ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ´ë´ä°ú ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ´ë´äÀÌ ¾î±ß³ª¸é ±× ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¾¸.


¿¹) Apparent discrepancies between our human growth hormone values and those of

earlier studies may be due to differences in study design ...
7. Àç·á ¹× ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÈìÁýÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é ¹àÈ÷°í, ÈìÁýÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Àç·á ¹× ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¾¸.


³»¿ëÀÌ ÇѵΠ¹®Àå Á¤µµ·Î ªÀ¸¸é Àç·á ¹× ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ¾²³ª, ±æ°Å³ª °á°ú¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â
¿µÇâÀÌ Å©¸é °íÂû¿¡ ¾¸.


¿¹) One assumption (°¡Á¤) we made for the measurement of the pulmonary capillary

filteration coefficient (Kf) was that isolating the lungs did not injure
pulmonary vessels. This is a reasonable assumption, because ...

¡¡
8. »õ·Ó°Ô ¹àÇôÁø °ÍÀ» ÈûÁÖ¾î ¾¸.


¿¹) Partial (ÀÌ¹Ì ¹àÇôÁø °Í) cDNA clones have been reported for mouse (38-40),

rat (41, 42), and human (24) ¥â-glucuronidase. In this study, we report the
complete sequence of the full-length (»õ·Ó°Ô ¹àÇôÁø °Í) cDNA for human

¥â-glucuronidase.


¿¹) To our knowledge, this is the first report of ... (»õ·Ó°Ô ¹àÇôÁø °Í)
9. °íÂûÀÇ Ã³À½¿¡´Â ´ë´äÀ» ¾¸.

9-1. ´ë´äÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Ç¥½Ã¸¦ ¸ÕÀú ¾¸. ´ë´äÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Ç¥½Ã¸¦ ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ´Ù¸¥


¿¬±¸ÀÇ ´ë´äÀ¸·Î Âø°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.

¿¹) Polymorphonuclear leukocytes can now be induced to release a number of

varieties of granule-poor anucleate fragments ...
¢¡ In this study, we have created (´ë´äÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Ç¥½Ã) polymorphonuclear


leukocytes that can be induced to release a number of varieties of
granule-poor anucleate fragments ...

¡¡
9-2. ´ë´ä¸¸ ¾²´Â °æ¿ì


¿¹) This study in newborn goats demonstrates that continuous positive airway

pressure (7.5 cm H2O) can impair renal function in newborns. (´ë´ä)
9-3. ´ë´äÀ» Àǹ®°ú ÇÔ²² ¾²´Â °æ¿ì


¿¹) The question addressed by the present study was whether the chemical stimuli

hypercapnia and hypoxia affect the magnitude ... (Àǹ®)
The main finding of the study is that progressive hyperoxic hypercapnia and

isocapnic hypoxia both increase ...(´ë´ä)

9-4. ´ë´äÀ» ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ´ë´ä°ú ÇÔ²² ¾²´Â °æ¿ì


¿¹) Previous investigators suggested that drainage of liquid from the lungs of

fetal rabbits begins at birth (1, 2) and is inhibited by cesarean section (2).
(´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ´ë´ä) Our results show that drainage of fetal lung liquid in

rabbits begins before birth and depends on the experience of labor, not on

the mode of delivery. (´ë´ä)

9-5. °íÂûÀÇ Ã³À½¿¡´Â °á°úÀÇ °£Ã߸²À» ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½. °á°úÀÇ °£Ã߸²Àº °á°úÀÇ Ã³À½¿¡ ¾¸.

9-6. °íÂûÀÇ Ã³À½¿¡´Â ´ë´ä¿¡ µþ¸° ³»¿ëÀ» ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½. ´ë´ä¿¡ µþ¸° ³»¿ëÀº ´ë´äÇÑ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¾¸.


¿¹) The results of the endurance time for the sustained isometric exercise at

different contraction levels were consistent with previous reports (4, 25).
(´ë´ä¿¡ µþ¸° ³»¿ë) ¢¡ ´ë´äÇÑ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¾¸.

10. °íÂûÀÇ °¡¿îµ¥¿¡´Â ¹®´Ü¸¶´Ù À¸¶ä ¹®ÀåÀ» ¾²°í, ¿©·¯ À¸¶ä ¹®ÀåÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» À̾îÁÜ.


³»¿ëÀÌ À̾îÁö´Â ¿©·¯ ¹®´ÜÀ» ¹­¾î¼­ ±¸¿ªÀ̶ó°í ÇÔ. ±¸¿ªÀÇ À¸¶ä ¹®ÀåÀº ù°
¹®´Ü¿¡ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.


¿¹) Several hemodynamic effects of chromonar could shift the diastolic pressure-

dimension curve acutely. (±¸¿ªÀÇ À¸¶ä ¹®Àå)
One is an increase in heart rate, which ... (ù° ¹®´ÜÀÇ À¸¶ä ¹®Àå)

A second hemodynamic effect, afterload, can also shift ... (µÑ° ¹®´ÜÀÇ À¸¶ä ¹®Àå)

A third effect that can acutely shift the pressure-dimension curve to the left

is ischemia ... (¼Â° ¹®´ÜÀÇ À¸¶ä ¹®Àå)

The final hemodynamic effect that can shift the pressure-dimension curve acutely

is change in temperature ... (³Ý° ¹®´ÜÀÇ À¸¶ä ¹®Àå)

¡¡
11. °íÂûÀÇ ³¡¿¡´Â ¸ÎÀ½¸»À» ¾¸. ¡¡

11-1. ´ë´äÀ» ´Ù½Ã ¾¸.


¿¹) In summary, we have shown that ... (´ë´ä)
11-2. ´ë´äÀÌ ÀÀ¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾¸.


¿¹) Isolation of the genes for catabolism ... reported here provides a tool that

can be used (ÀÀ¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.) to analyze ...
¡¡
11-3. ´ë´äÀÌ ±Í¶äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¾¸. ¾ÕÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ¿¬±¸ ¹æÇâµµ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.


´ë´ä ¶Ç´Â ´ë´äÀÌ ÀÀ¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾µ ¶§º¸´Ù ¿òÁ÷¾¾¸¦ ¾àÇÏ°Ô ¾¸.

¿¹) Our finding in dogs, together with findings from studies of human coronary

arteries (2, 3, 21, 22, 31), suggest (±Í¶äÇÔ.) that H1 blockers may antagonize ...
12. °íÂûÀº ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸¸Å­ ±æ°Ô ¾¸.

13. °á°ú´Â °ú°ÅÇüÀ¸·Î ¾²°í ´ë´äÀº ÇöÀçÇüÀ¸·Î ¾¸. ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸µµ °á°ú´Â °ú°ÅÇüÀ¸·Î


¾²°í ´ë´äÀº ÇöÀçÇüÀ¸·Î ¾¸.

¿¹) IgE-binding factors from carbohydrate-deficient cells suppressed an in vitro

IgE response, whereas factors from untreated cells potentiated the IgE
response. (°á°ú)

Our results indicate that alterations in glycosylation of IgE-binding factors

expressed from a single cloned gene result in different biological activities

of the factors. (´ë´ä)

14. ÀÛÀº Á¦¸ñÀº µÇµµ·Ï ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½. °íÂûÀÌ ³Ê¹« ±æ¸é ÀÛÀº Á¦¸ñÀ» 3-4°³ ¾µ ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ½.


¿¹) Effects of¥á-Adrenoceptor Stimulation

Effects of ¥â-Adrenoceptor Stimulation
Relation Between the Effects of ¥á- and ¥â-Adrenoceptor Stimulation

VIII. ±× ¸²




1. ±×¸²À» ³Ö´Â ¸ñÀûÀº ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô Çϰųª °á°ú¸¦ µÞ¹ÙħÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÓ.

2. ½ÇÇè ±â±¸´Â »çÁøÀ» ¾²´Â °Íº¸´Ù ±×¸®´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀ½. ±×¸®¸é¼­ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ» °­Á¶ÇÏ°í


ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ» °­Á¶ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.
3. »ç¶÷ »çÁøÀº ¿¬±¸ ´ë»óÀÚÀÇ Çã¶ôÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÔ.

4. »çÁøÀº ±¤ÅÃÀÎÈ­Áö¸¦ ¾¸.

5. »çÁø¿¡¼­ ´ë¼ö·ÓÁö ¾ÊÀº ³»¿ëÀº À߶ó ¹ö¸².

6. »çÁøÀº ÃâÆÇµÉ ¶§ÀÇ Å©±â·Î Åõ°íÇÏ¿© ÃâÆǻ翡¼­ »çÁøÀ» Ãà¼ÒÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇÔ.

7. ±×¸² ¾ÈÀÇ ±Û¾¾´Â µ¸¿òü °èÅëÀÎ sans serif ±Û²Ã·Î ¾¸.

8. ÀϹÝÀο¡°Ô º¸ÀÏ ¶§¿¡´Â ±×¸² ¾È¿¡ ±Û¾¾¸¦ »ô»ôÀÌ ¾²°í, Àü¹®°¡¿¡°Ô º¸ÀÏ ¶§¿¡´Â


±×¸² ¾È¿¡ ±Û¾¾¸¦ »ô»ôÀÌ ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½.
9-1. »çÁø ¾È¿¡ ¸·´ë±â¸¦ ±×¸®°í »çÁø ¼³¸í¿¡ ¸·´ë±âÀÇ ±æÀ̸¦ ¾²´Â °æ¿ì


¿¹) Scale bar = 75 nm
9-2. »çÁø ¼³¸í¿¡ ¹èÀ²À» ¾²´Â °æ¿ì (Àü¹®°¡¿¡°Ô º¸ÀÏ ¶§¿¡¸¸ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.)


¿¹) ¡¿ 32,000
10. Plate¸¦ ¾²´Â ¸ñÀûÀº ¿©·¯ »çÁøÀ» °ßÁÖ±â À§ÇÑ °Í°ú µ·À» ¾Æ³¢±â À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÓ.

10-1. Plate »çÁøÀÇ °¡·Î ±æÀÌ¿Í ¼¼·Î ±æÀ̸¦ ÅëÀϽÃÅ°°í »çÁø »çÀÌÀÇ ¿©¹éÀ» Á¼°Ô(1-2 mm) ÇÔ.

10-2. Plate¿¡ »çÁøÀ» ºÙÀÏ ¶§¿¡´Â Scotch tape¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í Ç®À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÔ.

10-3. Plate »çÁøÀÇ ÀÏ·Ã ¹øÈ£´Â »çÁøÀÇ ¿ÞÂÊ ¾Æ·¡¿¡¼­ ¾¸. °ËÀº Å׵θ®°¡ ÀÖ´Â Èò»ö


µ¿±×¶ó¹Ì ¹ÙÅÁ¿¡ °ËÀº»ö ¹øÈ£¸¦ ¾¸.

¿¹) ¨ç, ¨è...
11. ±×¸²Àº º¸±â ½±°Ô ±×¸®µÇ, °­Á¶ÇÏ°í ½ÍÀº ³»¿ëÀ» °­Á¶Çؼ­ ±×¸².

12. ±×¸² ¼³¸í¿¡ Á¦¸ñ, ½ÇÇè ³»¿ë, Ç¥½Ã ¶æ¸Å±è, Åë°è Á¤º¸¸¦ ¾¸...

13. ±×¸² ¼³¸íÀÇ Á¦¸ñÀº ±æ°Ô ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½.


¿¹) Fig. 1. Mean resting tension of left ventricular papillary muscles (grams per

mm2 of muscle cross-section area) from starved rats (¡Ü) (n = 8) and their
controls (¡Û) (n = 6), and from streptozotocin-treated rats (¡ã) (n=16) and

their controls (¡â) (n = 18) plotted agonist muscle length over the range from

84 to 102% of Lmax.

¢¡ Fig. 1. Mean resting tension of left ventricular papillary muscles in rats.


(Á¦¸ñ) Resting tension was measured as g/mm2 of muscle cross-sectional area.
(½ÇÇè ³»¿ë) ¡Ü, 8 starved rats; ¡Û, their 6 controls; ¡ã, 16 streptozotocine-

treated rats; ¡â, their 18 controls. (Ç¥½Ã ¶æ¸Å±è)

14. ±×¸² ¼³¸íÀÇ ½ÇÇè ³»¿ëÀº ±×¸² ÀÌÇظ¦ µ½´Â Á¤µµ·Î¸¸ ª°Ô ¹®ÀåÀ¸·Î ¾¸. XÃà, YÃà


¼³¸í µîÀº ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½.

¿¹) Fig. 1. Nuclear T3-binding capacity in rabbit lung during prenatal and postnatal

development. (Á¦¸ñ) Dose-response experiments were done with isolated nuclei
(50-120 ¥ìg of DNA) under optimal conditions, data were analyzed by Scatchard

analysis, and results were corrected for released receptor. (±×¸² ¼³¸í)

15-1. ±×¸² ¼³¸íÀÇ Ç¥½Ã ¶æ¸Å±è¿¡¼­´Â ±×¸²¿¡ Àִ ǥ½Ã¸¦ ±×´ë·Î ¾¸. ±×·¯³ª arrow¿Í


arrowhead´Â ±Û¾¾·Î ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.

¿¹) open circles, control ¢¡ ¡Û, control
15-2. ±×¸² ¼³¸íÀÇ Ç¥½Ã ¶æ¸Å±èÀÌ ±×¸²¸¶´Ù °°À¸¸é µÇÇ®ÀÌÇؼ­ ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½.


¿¹) Fig. 3. Autoregulation of coronary blood flow during balloon pumping. (Á¦¸ñ)

Abbreviations as in Fig. 1. (Ç¥½Ã ¶æ¸Å±è)
16. ±×¸² ¼³¸íÀÇ Åë°è Á¤º¸¿¡¼­ °³ÀΰªÀÎÁö Æò±Õ°ªÀÎÁö µîÀ» ¹àÈû.


¿¹) Values are means¡¾SD for 8 samples, except 28-day-old prenatal = 34 samples.
¡¡
17. ±×¸²¿¡¼­ µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô º¸ÀÌ´Â ³»¿ëÀ» ±×¸² ¼³¸í¿¡ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.


¿¹) Note how the anterior border of the left ventricular cavity approaches ...
18. ´Ù¸¥ ³í¹®ÀÇ ±×¸²À» º£³¤ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â º£³¤ °ÍÀ» Çã¶ô ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù°í ±×¸² ¼³¸í¿¡ ¾¸.


¿¹) from Fraser et al. (1975), with permission.

¿¹) Redrawn from Fraser et al. (1975); reproduced (º£³¤ ±×¸²À» Á¶±Ý °íÃÆÀ½.)

with permission.

IX. ǥ




1. Ç¥¸¦ ³Ö´Â ¸ñÀûÀº Àç·á ¹× ¹æ¹ý ¶Ç´Â °á°ú¸¦ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÓ.

2. Çà(row)ÀÇ Á¦¸ñ¿¡´Â µ¶¸³º¯¼ö¸¦ ¾²°í ¿­(column)ÀÇ Á¦¸ñ´Â Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö¸¦ ¾¸.


¿¹)
Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö 1
Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö 2

µ¶¸³º¯¼ö 1



µ¶¸³º¯¼ö 2



µ¶¸³º¯¼ö 3









¡¡
2. Ç¥ÀÇ Á¦¸ñ°ú ¿­ÀÇ Á¦¸ñ¿¡¼­ ´ë¼ö·Î¿î ³¹¸»À» ¶È°°ÀÌ ¾¸.


¿¹) TABLE 1. Effect of hormones on saturation of phosphatidylcholine in

explants of human fetal lungs accessed by two methods
Hormones Numbers Saturated

of explants phosphatidylcholine

... ... ...

... ... ...

3. ¿­ÀÇ Á¦¸ñ ¹Ø¿¡ ÀÛÀº Á¦¸ñÀ» µÑ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.

4. ¿­ÀÇ Á¦¸ñ ÁÖº¯(¿À¸¥ÂÊ ¶Ç´Â ¾Æ·¡)¿¡ °ýÈ£¸¦ Ãļ­ ´ÜÀ§¸¦ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.

5. ´ëÁ¶±º °á°ú¸¦ À§¿¡ ¾²°í ½ÇÇ豺 °á°ú¸¦ ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ¾¸.

6. Æò±ÕÀº ¹°·ÐÀÌ°í Ç¥ÁØÆíÂ÷µµ ¼Ò¼öÁ¡ Á¤·ÄÀ» ÇÔ.


¿¹) 31.1 ¡¾
9.9
45.4 ¡¾
11.0

45.5 ¡¾
12.5
57.8 ¡¾
12.4

X. Âü°í¹®Çå




1. ÃâÆÇ Áß(in press)ÀÎ ³í¹®Àº ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª ½É»ç ÁßÀÎ ³í¹®Àº ¾µ ¼ö ¾øÀ½.


ÇÐÀ§³í¹®, ÃÊ·Ï(proceeding), Ã¥Àº µÇµµ·Ï ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½.
2. ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¹®Çå Áß¿¡¼­´Â óÀ½¿¡ ¹àÈù ¹®Çå, ´ë¼ö·Î¿î ¹®Çå, °¡Àå Àß ¾´ ¹®Çå,


ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ¾´ ¹®Çå, review article¸¸ °ñ¶ó¼­ ¾¸.
3. ÀÚ±âÀÇ À̸§À» ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾ÊÀ½. °³ÀÎ À̸§Àº ¹Ù²Ù¾îµµ Á÷¾÷ À̸§Àº ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾ÊÀ½.


¿¹) Min Suk Chung, Min-Suk Chung, Minsuk Chung Áß¿¡¼­ ÇÑ °³¸¦ °í¸§.
4. ¹®ÇåÀ» Á÷Á¢ º¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é Ʋ¸®±â ½¬¿ì¹Ç·Î ´Ù¸£°Ô ¾¸.


¿¹) Powell JA. Title. Plugers Archiv 1972;XX:xx-xx (cited by (=¿¡¼­ µû¿È.)

Jones RE. Title. J Appl Physiol 1977;XX:xx-xx)
5. ÀúÀÚÀÇ À̸§Àº ³»¿ëÀ» ÀÕ´Â ³¹¸»ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¹Ç·Î º»¹®¿¡¼­ µÇµµ·Ï ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½.


¿¹) Bucher and Swaffield (23) reported that glucagon may influence hepatic regeneration.
¢¡ Glucagon may influence hepatic regeneration (23).

6. ÀúÀÚ°¡ 3 ¸í ÀÌ»óÀÌ¸é º»¹®¿¡¼­ ¡®et al.(=alii)¡¯À» ¾¸.


¡®and others¡¯³ª ¡®and colleagues¡¯º¸´Ù ÁÁÀ½.
¡®etc.(=et cetera)¡¯´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò ¶§ ¾¸.

¿¹) Jackson et al. reported ...

7. º»¹®¿¡¼­ Àοë Ç¥½Ã´Â ÀοëÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÇ ¹Ù·Î µÚ¿¡ ¾¸. ¡¡

7-1. Àοë Ç¥½Ã¸¦ ¡®º¸°íµÇ¾ú´Ù¡¯¶ó´Â ¸»ÀÇ µÚ¿¡ ½á¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ô.


¿¹) In addition, a temporal correlation has been reported (16) between

the T3 binding capacity of nuclei and the activity of fatty acid
synthetase in fetal rabbit lung.

¢¡ In addition, a temporal correlation has been reported between the T3


binding capacity of nuclei and the activity of fatty acid synthetase
in fetal rabbit lung (16).

¡¡
7-2. Àοë Ç¥½Ã¸¦ ¹®ÀåÀÇ µÚ¿¡ ½á¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ô.


¿¹) The potential for malignant transformation in lichen planus requires that

caution be exercised in the long-term use of steroids (12).
¢¡ The potential for malignant transformation in lichen planus (12) requires


that caution be exercised in the long-term use of steroids
¡¡
7-3. Àοë Ç¥½Ã¸¦ µÇµµ·Ï ³ª´©¾î¼­ ¾¸.


¿¹) Left atrial pressure dynamics have been shown to be inversely related to

pulmonary venous blood flow in dogs and humans and also to influence
mitral inflow (8-12).

¢¡ Left atrial pressure dynamics have been shown to be inversely related to


pulmonary venous blood flow in dogs (8-10) and humans (8, 11) and also to
influence mitral inflow (12).

¡¡
8. Âü°í¹®ÇåÀ» ¾²´Â ²Ã Áß¿¡¼­ Vancouver styleÀÌ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖÀ½.


¿¹) You DH, Lee KY, Chey RY, Menguy R. Electrogastrographic study of patients

with unexplained nausea, bloating and vomiting. Gastroenterology 1980; 79:311-4.
(Vancouver style)

XI. °£Ã߸²




1. °£Ã߸²ÀÇ ±¸Á¶

1-1. ¹è°æ

1-2. Àǹ®


Àǹ®À» ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô ¾²Áö ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹À½.
1-3. Àǹ®¿¡ ´ë´äÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» Çߴ°¡

1-4. Àǹ®¿¡ ´ë´äÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¾î¶² ÀڷḦ ¾ò¾ú´Â°¡

1-5. Àǹ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´ä (ÀÚ·áÀÇ Çؼ®)


Àǹ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´äÀ» ¾²Áö ¾Ê°í ´ë´äÀÌ ±Í¶äÇÏ´Â °Í¸¸ ¾²´Â À߸øµÈ °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹À½.
1-6. ´ë´äÀÌ ±Í¶äÇÏ´Â °Í


¿¹) In patients with heart disease, left ventricular diastolic performance is

evaluated clinically by inserting a Swan-Ganz catheter to measure pulmonary
capillary wedge pressure as an estimate of left atrial pressure. (¹è°æ)

To determine whether pulmonary venous flow and mitral inflow assessed

less invasively, by transesophageal pulsed Doppler echocardiography,

accurately estimate mean left atrial pressure, (Àǹ®) we prospectively

studied 27 consecutive patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery.

We correlated Doppler variables of pulmonary venous flow and mitral inflow

with simultaneously measured mean left atrial pressure and changes in

pressure assessed by left atrial or pulmonary artery catheters. (¾î¶² °ÍÀ»

Çߴ°¡) We found that the most strongly correlated pulmonary venous flow

variable, the systolic fraction of pulmonary venous flow, corelated more

strongly with mean left atrial pressure (f = -0.896) than did the most

strongly corelated mitral inflow variable, the ratio of peak early diastolic

to peak late diastolic mitral flow velocity (r = 0.75). Similarly, changes

in the systolic fraction of pulmonary venous flow correlated more strongly

with changes in mean left atrial pressures (f = -0.79) than did changes

in the ratio of peak early diastolic to peak late diastolic mitral inflow

velocity (r = 0.65). (¾î¶² ÀڷḦ ¾ò¾ú´Â°¡) We conclude that pulmonary

venous flow assessed by tansesophageal pulsed Doppler echocardiography

accurately estimates mean left atrial pressure. (´ë´ä)

We suggest that this technique may offer a relatively noninvasive means

of estimating mean left atrial pressure in patients with heart disease.

(´ë´äÀÌ ±Í¶äÇÏ´Â °Í)

2. ³»¿ëÀ» À̾ ¾¸.

3. ¡®Àǹ®¡¯°ú ¡®Àǹ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´ä¡¯Àº ÇöÀçÇüÀ¸·Î ¾²°í, ¡®¾î¶² °ÍÀ» Çߴ°¡¡¯¿Í


¡®¾î¶² ÀڷḦ ¾ò¾ú´Â°¡¡¯´Â °ú°ÅÇüÀ¸·Î ¾¸. (º»¹®°ú ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÓ.)
¡¡
4. ¹®ÀåÀ» ª°Ô ¾¸. À̸§¾¾¸¦ ÀÕ´Þ¾Æ ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½.

5. ½¬¿î ³¹¸»À» ¾¸. ¼ÓµÈ ³¹¸»À» ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½.

6. Áظ»À» µÇµµ·Ï ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½. Áظ»À» 3°³ ³Ñ°Ô ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½.

7. ¿¬±¸°¡ Àß Â¥¿©Á³°í Áõ°Å°¡ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Á¤µµ·Î ª°Ô ¾¸. ³¹¸»À»


250 ÀÌÇÏ·Î ¾¸. ¾î¶² ÀâÁö¿¡¼­´Â ³¹¸»À»150°³ ÀÌÇÏ·Î ½á¾ß ÇÏ°í Science
ÀâÁö¿¡¼­´Â 1-2°³ ¹®ÀåÀ¸·Î ½á¾ß ÇÔ.

º¯¼öÀÇ °³¼ö¸¦ ÁÙ¿©¼­ ¾¸.

±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ÀڷẸ´Ù ¡®%¡¯¸¦ ¾²°í, ¡®Æò±Õ¡¾Ç¥ÁØÆíÂ÷¡¯´Â 1¹ø¸¸ ¾¸. ¡®P°ª¡¯

¶Ç´Â ¡®significantly¡¯¸¦ ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½.

ª°Ô ¾²±â À§ÇÏ¿© ¾ñÀ½¾¾¸¦ »©¸é ¾ÈµÊ.

¡¡
8. Ann Int Med ÀâÁö¿¡¼­´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ÀÛÀº Á¦¸ñ°ú ÇÔ²² ½á¾ß ÇÔ.


Study Objective: ...
Design: ...

Setting: ...

Patient: ...

Measurements and Main Results: ...

Conclusions: ...

¡¡
9. ¹æ¹ý·Ð ³í¹®¿¡¼­´Â À̸§, ´ë»ó, ³»¿ë, ¸ñÀû, ½Ãµµ, °á°ú, ÁÁÀº Á¡À» ¾¸.


¿¹) An improved method had been developed (À̸§) for isolating alveolar type II

cells (¸ñÀû) by digesting lung tissue with elastase and ¡®panning¡¯the
resultant cell suspension on plates coated with IgG. (°á°ú) This method

provides both high yield and high purity of type II cells. (ÁÁÀº Á¡)

In 50 experiments in rats, we obtained 35¡¾11(SE)¡¿106 cells/rat, 89¡¾4%

of which were type II cells. (½Ãµµ) In addition, type II cells isolated

by ¡®panning¡¯ adhere more rapidly and completely in tissue culture than

do cells isolated by centrifugation over discontinuous density gradients

of metrizamide. (°á°ú) Finally, the method is reproducible and easily

adapted to isolating type II cells from species other than rats. (ÁÁÀº Á¡)


¿¹) We have designed a new endotracheal flowmeter (À̸§) to measure tidal

volume, phasic and mean airway pressure, inspiratory time, and end-tidal
PCO2 and PO2 (¸ñÀû) in incubated infants. (´ë»ó) The flowmeter is light

(11g) and adds minimal dead space (1.0 ml) and resistance (2 cm H2O/110 ml

per s) to the infants airway. The volume signal (<10 ml) is linear to

7 Hz, and end-tidal gases can be measured at respiratory rates of 9 breadth/min.

(³»¿ë) This flowmeter is particularly valuable for evaluating rapid mechanical

ventilation of very-low-birth-weight infants. (ÁÁÀº Á¡) In 125 studies

in 50 infants weighting 740-1500 g, (½Ãµµ) the flowmeter accurately measured

a wide range of tidal volumes. (°á°ú)

10. ã¾Æº¸±â ³¹¸»(keywords, indexing terms)

10-1. ¾î¶² ÀâÁö¿¡¼­´Â Index Medicus 1¿ùÈ£¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â MeSH(medical subject headings)ÀÇ


³¹¸»À» ½á¾ß ÇÔ. ±×·¯³ª »õ·Î¿î ³¹¸»À» ½á¾ß ÇÒ ¶§µµ ÀÖÀ½.
¡¡
10-2. ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾¸.


¿¹) antibiotics ¢¡ erythromycin
10-3. ±¸¸¦ ½áµµ µÊ.


¿¹) blood coagulation disorders
10-4. º»¹®¿¡ ³ª¿ÀÁö ¾Ê´Â ³¹¸»À» ¾µ ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ½.


¿¹) capillary exchange (¡®Regional Differences in Pleural Lymphatic Albumin

Concentration in Sheep¡¯¶õ ³í¹®ÀÇ Ã£¾Æº¸±â ³¹¸»Àε¥, º»¹®¿¡´Â ³ª¿À´Â ¾ÊÀ½.)
¡¡
11. ±¸¿¬ ¶Ç´Â poster ¹ßÇ¥¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÃÊ·ÏÀº, ³í¹®ÀÇ ÃÊ·Ï°ú ´Þ¸®, Ȧ·Î ½É»ç¿¡


Åë°úÇØ¾ß ÇÏ°í(°ª¾îÄ¡¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ°í) »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µèµµ·Ï ²Ò¾î³»¾ß ÇÔ.
¡¡
11-1. ¹æ¹ýÀ» »ô»ôÀÌ ¾¸.

11-2. ¿©·¯ °á°ú Áß¿¡¼­ º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ½ÍÀº °á°ú 1 °³¸¸ ¾²´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀ½.


°á°ú¸¦ Ç¥¿Í graph·Î ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½. Ç¥¿Í graph´Â Á¦¸ñÀ» ¸¸µéÁö ¾Ê°í
À§¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±Û·Î ¼³¸íÇÔ.

¡¡
11-3. ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ´ë¼ö·Î¿òÀ» °­Á¶Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±Í¶äÀ» ¼¼°Ô ¾¸.

11-4. Áظ»À» ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½.


¿¹) CROMOLYN SODIUM FAILS TO PREVENT HYPOXIA-INDUCED PULMONARY

VASOCONSTRICTION IN NEWBORN AND YOUNG LAMBS

ÀúÀÚ, ¼Ò¼Ó

Leukotrienes, released by various pulmonary cell types including mast cells,
may mediate hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. Cromolyn sodium, a mast

cell membrane stabilizer, has been reported to prevent hypoxia-induced pulmonary

vasoconstriction in adult sheep and young lambs, (¹è°æ) presumably by preventing

release of leukotrienes.(Àǹ®) We tried to reproduce these results in newborn

(4-7 d) and young (15-18 d) lambs. We instrumented 6 newborn lambs to measure

pulmonary (PAP) and systemic (SAP) arterial pressures and cardiac output (Q).

After baseline measurements, we infused vehicle and recorded responses to alveolar

hypoxia. After return to baseline, we infused cromolyn sodium at 2 doses

(3 mg/kg/min (6 lambs) and 5 mg/kg/min (2 lambs)) for 10 min before and then

during alveolar hypoxia and recorded responses. (¾î¶² °ÍÀ» Çߴ°¡) We found no

differences between pulmonary arterial pressure responses to hypoxia with and

without cromolyn sodium at either dose at either age.

Treatment PAP (mmHg) SAP (mmHg) Q (L/min/kg)

Newborn Young Newborn Young Newborn Young

Baseline 15¡¾2 20¡¾7 79¡¾6 90¡¾10 0.24¡¾0.07 0.31¡¾0.09

Hypoxia 28¡¾3* 31¡¾9* 76¡¾4 88¡¾9 0.29¡¾011 0.41¡¾0.08

Cromolyn 19¡¾4 25¡¾6 79¡¾10 83¡¾11 0.22¡¾0.06 0.25¡¾0.07

Corm + Hypox 31¡¾5¢Ó 35¡¾6¢Ó 80¡¾6 92¡¾13 0.25¡¾0.08 0.39¡¾0.13¢Ó

Mean¡¾SD for 6 lambs given 3mg/kg/min cromolyn.

*P <0.05 vs. baseline; ¢ÓP < 0.05 vs cromolyn (ANOVA). (¾î¶² ÀڷḦ ¾ò¾ú´Â°¡)

Our results contradict reports that cromolyn sodium prevents hypoxia-induced

pulmonary vasoconstriction and thus question the importance of leukotriene release

from mast cells in producing hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction.(´ë´ä)

11-5. ±¸¿¬ ¶Ç´Â poster ¹ßÇ¥¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÃÊ·ÏÀ» ³í¹®À¸·Î ¸¸µéÁö ¾Ê°í 1³âÀÌ Áö³ª¸é


°ª¾îÄ¡°¡ ¾ø¾îÁü.

XII. Á¦¸ñ




1. Àǹ®À» ±¸(phrase)·Î ¾²´Â °æ¿ì ¡¡

1-1. µ¶¸³º¯¼ö¿Í Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö¸¦ ¾²´Â °æ¿ì


¿¹) Effect of ¥â-Endorphin (µ¶¸³º¯¼ö) on Breathing Movements (Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö) in Fetal Sheep
¡¡
1-2. Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö¸¸ ¾²´Â °æ¿ì


¿¹) Blood Supply of the Caudal Mediastinal Lymph Node in Sheep (Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö)
¡¡
2. ´ë´äÀ» ±¸(phrase) ¶Ç´Â ¹®ÀåÀ¸·Î ¾²´Â °æ¿ì ´ë´äÀÌ °­Çؼ­ ³í¶õÀÇ ½Ï¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Â °æ¿ìÀÓ. ¡¡

2-1. ±¸·Î ¾²´Â °æ¿ì


¿¹) Reduced Metabolic Rate in Rats During Radio-Frequent Irradiation
¡¡
2-2. ¹®ÀåÀ¸·Î ¾²´Â °æ¿ì


¿¹) Verapamil and Diet Halt the Progression of Atherosclerosis in Cholesterol-Fed Rabbits
¡¡ ¡¡
3. ¹æ¹ý·Ð ³í¹®¿¡´Â À̸§, ¸ñÀû, »õ·Î¿î Á¡ µîÀ» ¾¸.


¿¹) Endotracheal Flowmeter (À̸§) for Measurement Tidal Volume, Airway Pressure,

and End-Tidal Gas in Newborns (¸ñÀû)

¿¹) Noninvasive (»õ·Î¿î Á¡) Method for Monitoring Blood Gases in the Newborn
¡¡
4. ¿Ã¹Ù¸£°Ô ¾¸.


¿¹) Neutrophil-Induced Injury of Epithelial Cells in the Pulmonary Aveoli of Rats

(Àǹ®À» ¿Ã¹Ù¸£°Ô ½èÀ½.)
5. ³Ê¹« ±æ°Ô ¾²Áö ¾Ê±â À§ÇÏ¿© ´ú ´ë¼ö·Î¿î ³»¿ëÀ» »­.

6. ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô ¾¸.

6-1. ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ³¹¸»À» ¾¸.


¿¹) Bronchoconstriction, Gas Trapping, and Hypoxia with Methacholine in Dogs
¢¡ Bronchoconstriction, Gas Trapping, and Hypoxia Induced by Methacholine in Dogs

6-2. À̸§¾¾¸¦ ÀÕ´Þ¾Æ ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½.


¿¹) Effects of Alveolar Pressure on Lung Angiotension-Converting Enzyme Function

(¹«¾ù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ EffectsÀÎÁö ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½.) in Rabbit Lungs in Vivo
¢¡ Effects of Alveolar Pressure on the Function of Angiotension-Converting Enzyme


(Function¿¡ ´ëÇÑ EffectsÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÔ.) in Rabbit Lungs in Vivo
6-3. ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ±×¸²¾¾¸¦ ¾¸.


¿¹) Alteration in Pulmonary Fluid Balance Induced by Positive End-Expiratory Pressure
¢¡ Alteration in Pulmonary Fluid Balance during Positive End-Expiratory Pressure

7. Áظ»À» ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½. Áظ»À» ¾²¸é Medline(Index Medicus)¿¡¼­ Á¦¸ñ¸¸ º¼ ¶§ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½.


±×·¯³ª DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) ¶Ç´Â N2O5(dinitrogen pentoxide)¿Í °°ÀÌ Áظ»ÀÌ ´õ
½¬¿ì¸é Áظ»À» ¾¸.


¿¹) Quantification of the Effects of the Pericardium of the LV Diastolic PV Relation

in Dogs
¢¡ Quantification of the Pericardium¡¯s Effects of the Left Ventricular Diastolic


Pressure-Volume Relation in Dogs
¡¡
8. ª°Ô ¾¸. ¡¡

8-1. ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸»À» ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ½.


¿¹) Pharmacokinetic Studies of the Disposition of Acetaminophen in the Sheep

Maternal-Placental-Fetal Unit
¢¡ Disposition of Acetaminophen in the Sheep Maternal-Placental-Fetal Unit


¿¹) Alterations Induced by Administration of Chlorphentermine in Phospholipids

and Proteins in Alveolar Surfactant
¢¡ Alterations Induced by Chlorphentermine in Phospholipids and Proteins in


Alveolar Surfactant
¡¡
8-2. ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸»À» ÁÙÀÓ.


¿¹) Electron Microscopic Demonstration of Lysosomal Inclusion Bodies in Lung,

Liver,Lymph Nodes, and Blood Leukocytes of Patients with Amiodarone-Induced
Pulmonary Toxicity

¢¡ Electron Microscopic Demonstration of Lysosomal Inclusion Bodies in Extrapulmonary


Tissues (LungÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ¹àÇôÁø °ÍÀÌ¶ó¼­ »°°í, ³ª¸ÓÁö ¸»À» ÁÙ¿´À½.) of Patients
with Amiodarone-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity

¡¡ ¡¡
9. ´ë¼ö·Î¿î ³¹¸»À» ¸ÕÀú ¾¸.


¿¹) Halothane Anesthesia Impairs Pulmonary Function in Newborn Lambs (¸¶Ãë°ú¿¡¼­ ¾´ °Í)
¢¡ Impaired Pulmonary Function in Newborn Lambs Anesthetized with Halothane


(¼Ò¾Æ°ú¿¡¼­ ¾´ °Í)
¡¡
10. ÀÛÀº Á¦¸ñÀº ¾²Áö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀºµ¥, Á¦¸ñ¿¡ ´ë¼ö·Î¿î ³¹¸»À» ¸ÕÀú ¾²´Ù º¸¸é


ÀÛÀº Á¦¸ñÀÌ »ý±â±âµµ ÇÔ.
¡¡
10-1. Á¦¸ñ(Àç·á): ÀÛÀº Á¦¸ñ(Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö)


¿¹) Human Apolipoprotein B: Structure of the Carboxyl-Terminal Domains and Sites

of Gene Expression
¡¡
10-2. Á¦¸ñ(Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö): ÀÛÀº Á¦¸ñ(½Ãµµ)


¿¹) Pulmonic Valve Endocarditis: A Serial Two-Dimensional Doppler Echocardiographic Study
10-3. Á¦¸ñ(µ¶¸³º¯¼ö): ÀÛÀº Á¦¸ñ(±â´É)


¿¹) Angiotensin II: A Potent Regulator of Acidification in the Early Proximal Convoluted

Tubule of the Rat
10-4. Á¦¸ñ(Àç·á): ÀÛÀº Á¦¸ñ(ÀÌ¾î ½Æ±â)


¿¹) Morphology of the Rat Carotid Sinus Nerve: I. Course, Connections, Ultrastructure

Morphology of the Rat Carotid Sinus Nerve: II. Number and Size of Axons
¡¡
11. Á¦¸ñ¿¡¼­ °£Ã߸° Á¦¸ñ(running title)À» Ã߸². ¡¡

11-1. ¾Õ ¶Ç´Â µÚ¸¸ ³²±â´Â °æ¿ì


¿¹) Locus of Hypoxia-Induced Vasoconstriction in Isolated Ferret Lungs
¢¡ Locus of Hypoxia-Induced Vasoconstriction

¡¡
11-2. Áß°£¸¸ ³²±â´Â °æ¿ì


¿¹) Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Alveoli in the Rat Lung for Pressure-

Volume Relationships
¢¡ Reconstruction of Alveoli in the Rat Lung

¡¡
11-3. ¿©·¯ ±ºµ¥¸¦ ³²±â´Â °æ¿ì


¿¹) Cooling Different Body Surfaces during Upper and Lower Body Exercise
¢¡ Cooling during Exercise

¡¡
11-4. ¡®µ¶¸³º¯¼ö + and + Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö¡¯¸¦ ¾²´Â °æ¿ì


¿¹) Influence of the Pericardium (µ¶¸³º¯¼ö) on Right and Left Ventricular Filling

(Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö) in the Dog
¢¡ Pericardium and Ventricular Filling

¡¡
11-5. ¹æ¹ý·Ð ³í¹®¿¡¼­ ¹æ¹ý°ú ´ë»ó¸¸ ¾²°í ¸ñÀûÀ» »©´Â °æ¿ì


¿¹) Endotracheal Flowmeter (¹æ¹ý) for Measuring Tidal Volume, Airway Pressure,

and End-Tidal Gas (¸ñÀû) in Newborns (´ë»ó)
¢¡ Endotracheal Flowmeter for Newborns

¡¡
11-6. ¹æ¹ý·Ð ³í¹®¿¡¼­ ¹æ¹ý°ú ¸ñÀû¸¸ ¾²°í ´ë»óÀ» »©´Â °æ¿ì


¿¹) An Improved Method for Isolating Type II Cells (¹æ¹ý°ú ¸ñÀû) in High Yield

and Purity (´ë»ó)
¢¡ Improved Method for Isolating Type II Cells

¡¡
12. ù° À̸§¾¾¿¡´Â ¡®the¡¯¸¦ ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ¸³ª µÑ° À̸§¾¾°¡ ´Ü¼öÀÏ ¶§¿¡´Â ¡®the¡¯¸¦ ¾¸.


¿¹) Dynamics of Chest Wall in Preterm Infants
¢¡ Dynamics of the Chest Wall in Preterm Infants ¡¡

13. ¿¬±¸ ´ë»óÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸é Á¾(species)À» ¾²°í, ¿¬±¸ ´ë»óÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÌ¸é ¾î¶² Áý´ÜÀÎÁö ¾¸.


¿¹) Noninvasive Method for Monitoring Blood Gases in the Newborn (»ç¶÷ÀÇ Áý´Ü)

XIII. ±âŸ




¡®:¡¯ µÚ¿¡´Â µþ¸° ³»¿ëÀ» »ô»ôÀÌ ¾²°í, ¡®;¡¯ µÚ¿¡´Â µþ¸®Áö ¾ÊÀº ³»¿ëÀ» ¾¸.


¿¹) we did three procedure: X, Y, and Z.

for the following reasons: X, Y, and Z.
was done as follows: X, Y, and Z. (was done as follows.(¿ÂÁ¡) ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ¹®ÀåÀ» ¾¸.)


¿¹) ÀÓÀÚ¸» + Ç®À̸» + ±â¿ò¸»; therefore, ÀÓÀÚ¸» + Ç®À̸» + ±â¿ò¸».

ÀÓÀÚ¸» + Ç®À̸» + ±â¿ò¸»; however, ÀÓÀÚ¸» + Ç®À̸» + ±â¿ò¸».



7. Ç¥¿¡¼­´Â *, ¢Ó, ¢Ô, ¢±, ¡«, ¢Ò, #, **, ¢Ó¢Ó µîÀÇ Ç¥½Ã¸¦ ¸¹ÀÌ ¾¸.

8. Ç¥¸¦ Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô Å©°Ô ¸¸µéÁö ¾ÊÀ½. Ç¥¿¡¼­ ¾µ µ¥ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ» »©°í, ÇÊ¿äÇϸé


1°³ÀÇ Ç¥¸¦ 2°³·Î ³ª´®.
9. ÇÑ ³í¹®¿¡¼­ Ç¥¿Í ±×¸²Àº µÇµµ·Ï 5-6°³¸¦ ¾¸. .


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